Latin American Religions Essay

What are some major attributes of Latin American Catholicism? Identify and describe at least two distinctions and include how they are distinct from Catholicism elsewhere. The Central American War had changed the priorities of the Catholic Church in Latin America. In the 1980’s, the clergy’s had decided to go against the Catholic Church mainly the Vatican despite the various threats, and began to help the poor which were struggling for their equality and their rights. The Catholic activism was in support of the change; however, it did influence guerilla movements in certain parts of Latin America such as Nicaragua, Salvador, Guatemala. This had introduced moral and spiritual justification. â€Å"Throughout Latin America and the Caribbean, a wing of the church surfaced as a powerful ideological force in the struggle to end authoritarian regimes,† (Meade, T., 2010). In what ways have African religions influenced Latin American Catholicism? â€Å"Latinos are comprised of a great conglomeration of ethnicities, traditions, and customs, which are traditionally, expressed by a common language (Spanish) and religion (Catholocism). For instance, Latin American values and traditions received a great influence from Catholicism and indigenous beliefs. Similarly, African traditions also permeated the Latin American culture, especially in the Caribbean region. This unique syncretism between Catholicism, and indigenous and African traditions allowed the survival of folk traditions, which led to the creation of several healing approaches,† (www.egochicagoschools.com, 2012). Should Latin American Catholicism be considered polytheistic? Why or why not? There are various polytheistic religions that are practiced today. Many of the religions today outside of Catholicism believe in more than one God. However, the Catholics believe in one God and one God only. I do think the Catholicism needs to be consistent meaning the Catholicism that is being practices within Latin American needs to be the same everywhere else. Once others start to deviate from Catholicism then it begins to start a new religion and moves away from the beliefs of the Catholicism. Only the Vatican may assess and make changes within the Catholic Religions. How have churches fostered or hindered social changes in Latin America? After the civil war, Latin Americans had turned to other religions. For over 500 years, many Latin Americans were considered loyal to the Catholic religions. However, it quickly turned to be a stronghold to Protestants. In the Liberation area other religions had developed such as Evangelical and Pentecostal. These religions are very different from the Catholicism. These religions speak in tongue, rely on baptism, accept the Holy Spirit, and emotional rituals. With these new religions developing the social changes in Latin America does provide a much broader outlook on their beliefs. There are various groups or community gatherings within the particular religion. Each religion unites and brings together their faith and social aspects within their own community. How has Protestantism spread in Latin America in the past? Is it different than the factors that are promoting the current growth in Protestantism in this region? How and why? The Protestantism had spread in Latin America in the past due to the fact of various discrepancies within the Catholic Religion. For instance, in 1980’s, the Guatemalan’s had begun to change their beliefs and lean more to the Protestants. This was proven in 2005, when a massive amount of members of the Catholic Church had begun to leave the church as rapid growth. The new leading religion was the Pentecostal church. Many of the new religions were still created by using the Catholic religion as their foundation. Reference: A History of Modern Latin America. 1800 to the Present, Meade, T., 2010 http://ego.thechicagoschool.edu/s/843/index.aspx?sid=843&gid=3&pgid=760

Alex Rider: Stormbreaker

Alex Rider: Stormbreaker 1)I liked this book. It was filled with action and suspense. But I didn’t like how it was far-fetched. A 14 year old that knew all different types of karate, languages, moves, and almost taught like a spy from birth. But other than that, I really liked the book. I like how everything was detailed. 2)A. The main characters are Alex Rider, Ian Rider (dead, but an important name), Yassen Gregorovich, and Herold Sayle. B. The setting of this book is Present day in London. C. The Central Plot is that the Stormbreaker Computers have a Vial of smallpox gas. It comes out of the computers when the computer is turned on. 3) Plot Pyramid ?Ian Rider Dies ?Alex meets men from the bank ?Ian’s office is raided ?Alex see’s the car that Ian was driving when he died. ?He finds out that the bank is really the â€Å"M16† ?Alex becomes a spy ?He goes through intense training for mission ?Goes to Stormbreaker headquarters ?Uses computer and snoops around the plant ?Found and escorted back into his personal room, where Ian Rider slept ? Found a piece of paper with a drawing( will come in handy later) ? Alex hides in vans that go to pick up something at docks. Found out that Yassen is working with Sayle ? Man dies for dropping a steel box ?Goes back to House ?Alex almost gets killed by Yassen and Herold’s men ?Goes to library and gets book ?Finds out what the picture really meant ?Goes into a mine shaft ?Stayed in water for 2 minutes to get to the other side ?Found the lab where the vials were being put into the computer ? Gets aught and tied up ?Escapes and goes to where the ceremony is ?Reaches Science Museum ?Prime Minister shot ?Sayle shot and disappeared ?Alex stays in school and Jack is allowed to stay in London ? Sayle finds Alex and brings him to a top of a building ?Helicopter flies away without Alex ?Story Ends 4)My favorite character in this book is Alex Rider. He is strong, agile, smart, and speaks like he is older. He climbs out a window for his own curiosity. He saved Millions of people. Alex als o very sneaky. He went around the plant and not being detected for a while. That’s why Alex Rider is my favorite character in the book. 5)The theme that I thought was in this book was that â€Å"An ordinary person could save lives. † I say that because Alex saved millions of people and he was a regular person. Or at least until his uncle died. He was a regular guy when he went out for training to save the school kids. 6)This story is told in 3rd person. Two page examples are pages 1 and 56. Both of the pages say names and not â€Å"I†, it’s all proper names.

Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Research Proposal Example Worth noting is the fact that performance management systems help organizations with the predictions of performance expectations (Rashidi 2015, p. 213). Researchers have expressed their interests in understanding whether performance management systems have the capacity to boost employee performance. The study will seek to determine whether performance management systems have the potential to register improved performance of employees. Notably, all organizations seek to promote employee performance in an effort to maximize profitability. With the current emphasis on the need for all organizations to embrace performance management systems, it is important to determine whether a performance management system can really have a positive outcome of the performance of employees (Seiden & Sowa 2011, 250). As highlighted above, organizations need to ensure that employees register exemplary performance. Notably, the profitability and financial performance of an organization is directly related to employee performance and productivity. The introduction of Employee Performance Management Systems was in a bid to ensure that organizations have systems in place to plan, monitor, and review the performance of employees. Many researchers have linked performance management systems with the increased performance of employees as well as high levels of job satisfaction. Therefore, this study seeks to analyze the perception of supervisors and managers as well as the perception of the employees on the role of performance management systems in improving performance in an identified organization. According to Rashidi (2015, p. 211), implementing performance management systems has the potential to register positive outcomes on the performance of employees. Rashidi highlights that performance management systems help organizations to identify the specific roles that each employee should play towards the achievement of organizational

(1)Critically assess the ways in which international trade can be Assignment

(1)Critically assess the ways in which international trade can be affected by governments interventions - Assignment Example The government intervention in international trade dictates the way the multinational companies operate. This paper is focused on different ways of government intervention in international trade and its influence on the nations and the firms. According to Poynter (2012) the government intervention can be described as the actions taken by the government in order to influence or interfere in the business activities of the private bodies or groups in terms of economic or social matters. The primary reason of the intervention is to protect the interest of the domestic firms from the predatory business activities of the large multinational firms. Warburton (2009) further added that the government policies regarding foreign trade offer both encouragement and restrictions to the multinational firms in a way that their business activities improve the economic condition of the host countries and at the same time do not impact the business operations of the smaller domestic firms. Thus the trade regulations set by the government act as a controlling authority that protects the interest of the domestic firms and looks after the social impact causing from the multinational firms. These regulations are important to ensure stability and growth of the domestic economy. Carbaugh, (2009) rightly pointed out that certain major multinational firms are so financially strong that their revenue is more than the GDP of certain small nations. Such firms have the necessary potential to control the business market of a developing nation if they diversify their business in that region. Therefore a regulatory policy has been set by the government so to limit the marketing activities of these firms. On the other hand, the internationalization of the multinational firms also improves the employment status of a nation. Therefore, the government of the developing countries often attract multinational firms within the national boundary to improve the social and

Passionate love versus compassionate love Essay

Passionate love versus compassionate love - Essay Example Love can simply refer to a feeling of pleasure that one gets by doing something, hence the phrase ‘I love doing this’. One the other hand, even forms of romantic love is not all of the same kind. This might bring in the differences between passionate love and compassionate love. The key differences between the two kinds of romantic love contrast at different levels with both types having their own characteristics that seem better over the other. Passionate love happens quickly with strong attraction and feelings of emotion, but once the differences settle in, it is overcome by them and does not last long enough. Compassionate love on the other hand is based on mutual understanding, common dreams and empathy (Gilbert, Pg. 20-27). This makes compassionate love long lasting and possibly for the life time (Tzeng , P. 112). Compassionate love, hence, has more stability and the similarity and common interests of the two individuals help them bond over the facts (Lavelly; Quile s, pg. 354). Passionate love might be working on the bases of attraction between the opposites, but that is more of a compliment for the case of compassionate love with respect to qualities (Lavelly). The fact can be verified from the example that people, in general, prefer to marry into their own social groups and races even without the marriage being arranged by the parents or a third party (Lavelly). Research on the topic indicates that romantic acts and feelings are more permanent if the male and female have a higher pattern of similarity (Quiles, p. 354). This might be the reason that inspite of introduction of the internet and breaking of the rules previously stated about most individuals marrying in their own group (Lavelly), people still tend to marry in their own cultures (or atleast similar cultures) where they can find partners with more similarity (Quiles, p.354). This might be scene from a variety of perspectives and the contrast between the two types of love defines th e controversy that surrounds the matter, the love for similar background, culture, ambitions, shared dreams and the simple attraction or craving for another person. A survey supports the compassionate love in this regard to be of higher importance by comparing it to sports. Athletes surveyed responded that compassionate love and understanding helped them improve their performance in sports (Hindustan Times). Compassionate love differs from the passionate love in significant ways; attitudes, motivations, desires, expectations and many other feelings that might be there in both differ in their approach. Compassionate love defines life with respect to care, a beneficial treatment and respect for the partner with an appropriate perception of the suffering of the other. Passionate love can be unstable and a ride through the rough. A couple might be sitting in front of each other having feelings ranging from attraction to awkwardness (May). The unconditional expectation of a romantic love is the actual thing put to test in case of a passionate love (May). For the love to be genuine the passion in the love with feeling and understanding of the other might be present but anything less might be a blow to the relationship in case of a passionate love (May). Where compassionate love presents free choice, cognitive understanding and empathetic responses that put aside selfish needs, passionate love might in fact be a way to fulfill one’s own emotional needs without which it might be seen as less valuable (May). A partner with passionate love might feel it is an emotional burden from the other when the going gets tough. The first difficulty in the relationship might challenge the

Transcendentalism in Thoreaus Walden Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Transcendentalism in Thoreaus Walden - Essay Example Surrounded by forest, it was and remains a peaceful town, close enough to Boston's lectures, book-stores, and colleges to be intensely cultivated, but far away enough to be serene. Concord was the first rural artist's colony, and the first place to offer a spiritual and cultural alternative to American materialism. It was a place of high-minded conversation and simple living (Emerson and Thoreau both had vegetable gardens). Emerson, who moved to Concord in 1834, and Thoreau are most closely associated with the town, but the locale also attracted Hawthorne, Fuller, Alcott and Channing. The transcendental club was loosely organized in 1836. Unlike many European groups, the Transcendentalists never issued a manifesto. They insisted on individual differences - on the unique view point of the individual. American writers often saw themselves as lonely explorers outside society and convention. It is the writing of Thoreau and of Emerson that has been the most enduring product of American transcendentalism. Thoreau and Emerson's friendship blossomed during the autumn after Thoreau returned home from college in 1837. "Emerson was then at the height of his intellectual and creative powers. His philosophy of striving and self-reliance strongly attracted Thoreau, who had the good fortune to be granted the society of America's leading progressive thinker just as he began his career." (Cafaro, Philip. Thoreau's Living Ethics: Walden and the Pursuit of Virtue.) Thoreau accepted Emerson as his mentor and began to keep a journal on his suggestion. Emerson criticized Thoreau's articles and sent them across to different editors, with mixed reviews. He provided the site for Thoreau's experiments at Walden Pond. While Emerson was disseminating his mature philosophy, Thoreau was still trying to formulate his own message, acquire the necessary skills to write creatively and gain a footho ld so that he could at least make his ends meet. Given Thoreau's extreme individualism and his sense of independence, this relationship of dependence was bound to give rise to discontent. The two men were two different personalities and differed greatly in temperament. Emerson was active socially whereas Thoreau preferred to his solitary mode. Emerson owned some property and was a family man, which made him regard the social norms with some respect. Thoreau on the other hand, was explicitly critical of what he considered hypocrisy, pettiness, and herd mentality. Quite naturally, these personality clashes gave way to grave intellectual differences: "one of their first recorded quarrels occurred during an afternoon walk when Thoreau, noting the proliferation of fences along the road, declared that he would not abide by them, as he had as much right to "God's earth" as anyone. Emerson responded with a defense of the institution of private property. Harmon smith suggests that Emerson's subsequent essay, "The Protest", was directed towards Thoreau. In it, Emerson warns aspiring youths of the dangers of letting their frustrations at society's shortcomings consume their time and talents." (Cafaro, Philip. Thoreau's Living Ethics: Walden and the Pursuit of Virtue.) Gradually, when Thoreau began to think on his own, their relationship was further strained. "Emerson was a generous open-minded man, but as

Do pesticide residues in food pose a significant risk to consumer Essay

Do pesticide residues in food pose a significant risk to consumer health - Essay Example Moreover, those involved in pesticides application are also protected by modern EU regulation on pesticides. What is more important is the finding that personal protection of individuals against pesticides in food together with EU regulations guarantees human health protection. These conclusions were made on the basis of literature review of contemporary scientific works and researches (books, scientific journals, texts of EU regulations, on-line journal articles, statistic data etc). Thus a holistic approach to reduction of harm caused by pesticides in food is the only one possible way out to save our harvests and lives. Introduction Fruits and vegetables are known all over the world as the healthiest food. This kind of nutrition enforces human organism in order it could resist cancer and heart attacks (Weichenthal, Moase and Chan, 2010). Fruits and vegetables are considered full of vitamins and minerals. Different phytochemicals and fiber of fruits and vegetables build a protective shell inside a human organism. Unfortunately, the world is developing at full speed, population is growing and developed technologies enable food producers to enrich harvest to the greatest extent. For this purpose agricultural sector is focused on pesticide usage in fruits and vegetables nurture. ... In accordance with the latest data, America is stricken by a burst of illnesses, such as â€Å"hepatitis A from strawberries,  Cyclospora  from raspberries, and E. coli- infection from alfalfa sprouts and lettuce† (Alarcon et al. 2005, p.456). Pesticides in food: risk measurement Availability of pesticide tests in America leaves much to be desired. Carcinogenicity as a damaging effect caused by pesticides is acclaimed in America and such kind of tests is usually conducted. What about reproductive effects and other chronic diseases? Less than 21% of pesticides used in America have been tested and of course public is not sure whether it consumes healthy or hazardous food (No Evidence of Health Benefits 2009). A lack of proper financing restricts pesticide testing in America. It is possible to suppose that every consumer of fruits and vegetables is potentially at risk and is not even aware of the real hazard caused by pesticides. Farmers are at the greatest risk, because they work with pesticides directly. In accordance with statistics, farmers, railroads and electrical lines workers suffer from leukemia or cancer of the lymphatic system (No Evidence of Health Benefits 2009). Lung cancer is a disease which is often met among pesticide applicators while farm workers suffer from liver cancer and leukemia. In accordance with researches conducted by German scientists and researchers, usage of pesticides, PCBs, dioxin act hazardously as well as endocrine disrupters do. Moreover, the most dangerous types of food are â€Å"strawberries, cherries, apples, Mexican cantaloupe, Chilean grapes, raspberries, apricots, peas, peaches, nectarines, and spinach† (Castorina et al. 2010, p. 18). These types of food are exposed

Marine management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marine management - Essay Example Issues such as reduced productivity and heightened risks to injury in the work environment can all result from the aforementioned issues, dealing with them and preventing the engagement of employees to them is imperative. The rate at which companies lose money through countless health benefits to stressful and fatigued staff is alarming. Healthy employees need less health benefits and are very productive. Managers and heads of companies alike need to figure out how to curb this menace. Work related injuries are on the increase and are always recorded high when most workers work overtime and have less break to reduce the fatigue or engage in activities that can reduce the levels of stress. My company, as this paper discusses below, has already developed countermeasures to the above problems. The changes we have realized can not only be told through the fulfillment of all participants in the company but also through the profits we have accrued in the recent past. There are several causes of both fatigue and stress as listed below. Fatigue itself is caused by extended periods of physical or even mental exertion with less time to recover through rest. Normally, a certain level of fatigue is normal, however, when the levels are too high, there can only be too much disadvantages. These levels of fatigue can be as a result of the following: High levels of fatigue and stress normally leads to reduced productivity. This is generally the biggest problem with the two. Also, since stress and fatigue may impair a person’s sense, including that of danger, employees run risks of accidents and injuries in the work environment. Studies show that staying awake for over 17 hours has as much negative effects on the overall performance of an individual’s performance as having about 0.05% alcohol content in blood. An extra four hours doubles the alcohol content figure to 0.1% (Williamson et al. 320). It is crucial to point out that both employees and

Proposal Letter to a Researcher Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Proposal Letter to a Researcher - Assignment Example As a result, I have kept an account of some of the weirdest sexual behaviors I have observed by various groups of women over time. Including me in your research team will be a great thing because I am a good team player, clear writer who pays much attention to detail, knowledgeable with basic computer programs like Word, Excel and other programs that can be used in research. My interest and additional knowledge on womens behavior can act as additional points in discovering the forces that drive women behave in the ways they do. I will always be indebted to you if you grant me the opportunity to work under you at the UCSB and in your research team. My passion on your topic of research will be of valuable asset to your team if I am offered the great opportunity. I would be very happy to communicate further with you on the available opportunities to work with you. I have attached my

Self-Advertising Monologue Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self-Advertising Monologue - Assignment Example I count myself fortunate that I already have a range of skills suitable to the workplace. On the computer I have experience with AutoCAD, MATLAB as well as all four functions of Microsoft Office (Word, Excel spreadsheets, PowerPoint presentations and Access databases). My UNIX technical skills include the use of the drill press and soldering iron and I am fluent in Arabic and the English language. I already have some experience in the workforce. In Kuwait I worked as a trainer for three months at a Kuwait oil company and I have also worked as a trainer in the Kuwait power plant. That experience taught me some valuable work ethics – such as being reliable, turning up on time, meeting deadlines, following instructions and working as part of a team. I was really proud that I could take some of the skills I already had and apply them to a â€Å"real life† situation. It is my intention to obtain an internship position in the field of Mechanical Engineering. I believe that my skills and experience would be a valuable asset to any organization and I am keen to learn new skills to compliment those I already have. I have a career plan and am focused on acquiring as much experience and new knowledge as possible so that on my graduation, my skills will be useful to the engineering industry in Kuwait. So why should you hire me? I can offer a lot of useful skills and solid work ethics that would be of use to your organization. I understand the need to work hard and I see my working as a means of learning new skills. I have excellent computer skills. Through my studies and past work experience I understand the need to meet deadlines and to remain focused on my tasks. I will never be late for work and if you give me a chance I will ensure that you are pleased that you did. My main aim in life is to graduate with a good degree and work for a company that not only appreciates my skills but is one that is also going to provide me with the

University of California Irvine Essay Example for Free

University of California Irvine Essay I believe that the best aspects about the University of California Irvine’s business program are its competent and highly knowledgeable educators, its friendly environment, and its highly-competitive and extensive curriculum. For me, these three aspects not only place the school as one of the top universities, but it also moulds students to become adept and highly skilled professionals in their careers. Furthermore, I believe that UCI’s business program would more than provide me with the necessary skills and knowledge that would enable me to become a highly competent and very successful businessman. In addition, considering the UCI’s well-established reputation, the school would also teach me the right attitudes and inculcate in me the proper values that I need to achieve my goals. However, aside from the fundamentals in business, the program would also allow me specialize in other areas such marketing, finance, accountancy, and management, among others. In other words, if am accepted into the program, I would have the potential to become not only a top-caliber businessman, but also an adept professional in marketing analysis, business management, and corporate accountancy. Moreover, the UCI’s campus has a very rich environment, especially the Aldrich Park, which is highly suitable for learning. For me, its amazing architecture and beautiful surroundings effectively facilitates interaction among peers and contributes to its students’ enthusiasm to study, which I believe are two important things that would help me in my professional and personal growth. Over-all, I believe that if am blessed and fortunate enough to be accepted in the school’s business program, I would no doubt be learning from best and as a result, I would be able to excel in any endeavor or any field I would choose.

Computing project Essay Example for Free

Computing project Essay The system will require a user name and a password to view or edit anything! Only one person is permitted to use the system, no-one else requires access   All files will also be password protected. Database   The instructor will be able to add or delete any records as needed   It will hold all necessary details Specific Objectives   The database will be able to create reports to show what stage the student is at   The database will calculate how many lessons a student has had and how much they have paid with plus if there are any outstanding balances remaining. My system is designed to help the instructor, the instructor has many problems with the current system, and many times it has cost him jobless hours. The current system is very old and has a lot of potential problems and I wish to make a system that eradicates these obvious problems. My system for a start will store the entire student details carefully and properly in line with all data protection acts. The main thing is that these details should not get lost and the instructor has access to this all the time so that he can contact the student at any time. The details should also be available so that it can be updated any time it needs to be. By having all these details stored onto the system it is kept safely and in one place rather than having paper forms lying about getting lost and muddled up, these forms will only be accessed only in one place so if the instructor needs these back in the office or at to work from at home then it is not possible to have multiple copies as it will not all be up to date. For example if a student changes the home phone number then the instructor will have to update every sheet of paper he has with the students phone number if he does not then it will be inconsistent and this can cause problems. The main reason for my proposal of this system is to ensure that the instructor does not continue double booking and not booking students at all. Currently at the end of a lesson the student asks for a booking and the instructor will look in his diary and book appropriately, many times what happens is the instructor looks at the wrong date, for example if the student asks for April 21st 2008 then the instructor may accidentally open may 21st 2008 and tell the student he is free. But in reality on that day an on that time he is busy. This is one of the things the instructor is complaining about and also another thing that has been drawn to my attention is that he misreads the time, so he tells the student that he is booked at 13:00 tomorrow but he is actually free he has a lesson at 3:00 not 13:00 so this is one way the instructor is loosing out on money. I wish to remove this issue and avoid these mistakes happening. GCE A2 Computing CPT 6 Ram Bhojani EXISTING SYSTEM Instructor Bookings | Ram Bhojani 13HAN PROPOSED SYSTEM DESIGN OVERALL SYSTEM Input Processes Student Name Calculate the number of lessons so far Student Number Calculate the total amount spent. Student Address Add a student Lesson Code Edit a student Price Per Lesson Delete a student Date and time of next lesson Search a Student Day Booked Search Availabilities Time Booked Edit a booking File Outputs Student Details Student details Availability Details Number of lessons each student has had Total spent Balances FORMS General Name Purpose Main Menu This allows the instructor to access the student details and availability details. Student Details This allows the instructor to view all details about a student. It also allows the instructor to print a report on the student progress Availability Details. This allows the instructor to see what dates and times are available in the next two weeks and make a booking. USER INTERFACE DESIGN MAIN MENU STUDENT DETAILS MENU AVAILABILITY DETAILS DATABASE DESIGN INCLUDING ER MODEL STUDENT (StudentName, StudentNumber, StudentAddress, LessonCode, PricePerLesson, DateAndTimeOfNextLesson) Availability (AvailableSlots, NextLessonBooked) RECORD STRUCTURE Instructor Field name Data type Size format Description AvailableSlots Date/time, Date time Shows what dates and times are available NextLessonBooked Date/time, Date time Name of student and the day, date and time of their next lesson. Student Field name Data type Size/format Description Student name Text, 20 The first name and last name of the student. Student number Number, 8 A Unique number given to each student for easy reference. Student address Text, 50 Full address of student, including postal address. Lesson code Number 5 A code that determines what sort of lesson they take, they can have an hour lesson, one and half-hour or pass plus. Price per lesson Number, Decimal 5,2 How much the student pays for each lesson Date and time of next lesson Date time Date time The next lesson student has booked. VALIDATION. I will use validation on some of the fields on the tables so there is less chance of wrong data being inputted. There are only some fields that can have validation but by ensuring they have a working validation it will mean that the system will not be wrong. Things that I can validate are numbers or specific number of characters. This is to make sure that the data entered conforms to a certain standard. The user cannot see the validation rules, so when they make a mistake they find out as an error message appears. VALIDATION Field Name Validation Type Validation Rule Error message Student Number Type Check. 8 digits The student number must be 8 digits Lesson Code Type check 5 Digits The lesson code must be 5 digits. STORAGE AND MEDIA FORMAT For my system I need to know how large each file will be so I have calculated the size of each field, and multiplied that but the amount of fields ii may get, to get an estimate of how large the file could get. Storage and media format Field name Number of records Size of record/ bytes Total size of records/bytes Student name 30 32 960 Student number 30 8 240 Student address. 30 65 1950 Lesson code 30 5 150 Price per lesson 30 8 240 Date and time of next lesson 30 16 480. Available lessons 31 20 620 Next lessons booked 6 134 804 Total 5444b 5. 4kb I have calculated that the approximate maximum size that I will need for the data to be stored will be around 6kb, which is small enough to fit on almost any data storage type. The most suitable storage device for this will be the hard disk drive on the laptop to be used. This means that the system will not be lost easily as it is not a portable storage device but on a actual laptop, which would be looked after carefully. There is a large amount of space on the hard disk meaning that there will be available space for expansion if necessary. Also the laptop can be connected to a computer in the office via a USB cable meaning that the data could be backed up and if needed archived. IDENTIFICATION OF SUITABLE ALGORITHMS FOR DATA TRANSFER Process to calculate Total number of lessons so far = ([Student Lessons])*([Total]) Process to calculate Total spent so far =([Total lessons])*([Price Per lesson]) Produce report of students ready for test Search through student details with criteria field Ready students to find matching records. If there are no matching records output an error message to the user. PLANNED VALID OUTPU.T. For my system outputs I have decided to create a report for students to see their progress. This will need to be created in Access. DESCRIPTION OF MEASURES PLANNED FOR SECURITY AND INTEGRITY OF DATA. The data must be kept secure and correct as this informations is very confidential, if details of the student were to get lost or misplaced then this would be in breach of the data protection act. To keep the data secure I am going to make sure that the user backs up the data at the end of every working week and keeps this disc either safely at home or in the office. There will also be a back up of the main system so if it happens to crash or is damaged then it can be replaced. If the system does crash then the files will have to be manually transferred back into the system from the backup. DESCRIPTION OF MEASURES PLANNED FOR SYSTEM SECURITY The system will not be secured with passwords however the computer will have a password this will be set to expire every 28 days to ensure that the data is safe even if someone gains the password, the user will generally have to be careful and keep the laptop besides him at all times or lock it in a glove compartment. When the instructor goes home he can either take it with him and store it at home carefully or leave it at the office in a safe place. As my system is only designed for one person the password on the system should be a sufficient security measure. TEST STRATEGY The system must be thoroughly tested to make sure that no errors occur the system is up and running. This is logical because if errors occur when the user starts to use the system, it can cost time to get it fixed. Hopefully if my testing strategy is good enough, it will not have any errors when it goes live. I am going to use bottom up testing, to test the system. This involves testing each individual module using prepared test data, which includes normal data, extreme data, upper and lower limits and individual data after this is done I will test the program to see if every route through the program is tested, every statement is executed, accuracy of the processing and that the program fits the original specification. This will make sure that the system is running correctly as this is basically using the whole system. I am also going to test the system in a beta testing method, although this will be a small scale. I am going to give the system to the user for a week just to make sure that everything works correctly. IMPLEMENTATION Login Screen Main Menu This is the main menu of my programme from here there are three options availability details and student details. Finally you can exit. Testing Test ID Test Data Test/Type Reason for test Expected Results Actual Results Data Entry 1. My system does conisit of tables and menus, both the student details and availability detail screens are very simple, it just displays details about these two entities. The booking screen is more complex because it needs to be live, so when the instructor makes a booking it needs to update on the next lesson booked screen and the availability screen. PROCEDURE AND VARIABLE LIST/ DESCRIPTIONS FOR PROGRAMS OR LIST OF PACKAGE ITEMS DEVELOPED Type of item Item Name Descriptions Table Student Details Holds all the details of the students that the instructor teaches, this includes first name, last name, address, phone number and the details of their next lesson that has been booked. Holds the details of all the available time slots in the coming fortnight, this allows the instructor only to see what is available, he can liaise with the student and once a slot is agreed a booking can be made. Form Make A Booking This form allows the user to make a booking for a lesson, he will need to enter the student number, and then first of all select a time and then the date. Once all these are selected the appointment is made. Form Next lesson Booked Has a list of students and the date and time of their next lesson, so the instructor can check on this if he receives a query from the student. CREATION AND CUSTOMISATION OF THE DATABASE TABLES I created all my tables in Microsoft access; I then linked it up to visual basics, The table below is the Student Details table. It consists of mostly text and one field of number, the reason that the telephone number is a text field rather than a number is because telephone numbers usually start with a 0 and if I put the data type as numbers then it will not let me add a 0 at the front. USER MANUAL BRIEF INTRODUCTION The instructor database is a simple system to handle bookings given to the instructor. The system allows the instructor to control appointments already made and allows him to make new appointments. It allows him to keep electronic records of all students, past and present. The students all have unique student numbers that the instructor can use to search for them. It stores details about students names, addresses, telephone numbers and the lessons they have booked. There is a very easy to use form that allows the instructor to make a booking. Microsoft Access 2007 or later. To install the system one must either move the file onto the hard disc of the computer. This can be done by selecting the file Instructor Database System and copying and pasting it into an empty folder on the hard disc, this maybe the best idea as there is a possibility a removable storage device could get lost or corrupt. This system could be also run from a removable storage device by opening the file and run it straight away. To back the system up the system the database file can be copied onto a USB pen or CD-R. When the system is going to be backed up, the file should be copied onto the USB pen, when this done a message box may appear asking if you want to replace the existing file just select yes or yes to all. This would mean that the backup would be separated from the main system, meaning less chance of losing both the original and the backup. USING THE SYSTEM Here is a simple short set of instructions to use the system. When the instructor opens up they will be asked to log on, The username at the moment is Ian and the password is Burleigh. Once they enter all these details correctly it allows them to use the system. Once the instructor logs on, he will come to the main menu of the system, I am going to show him to basic things in this tutorial, how to find the phone number of a student and then how to make a booking. Below is the main menu, to get to the student phone number he has to select the student details button, then the screen will have three buttons saying details, he can select any of these three, they all do the same job. Once that is selected at the screen below will appear, there are no details at the moment, but once show details button is pressed all the details will appear. The instructor now needs to press the back button until he arrives back at the main menu, and then select availability details. Then select make a booking. Once the make a booing screen appears first he has to select the date that he wants, then the time and finally the student number. Once that is done press save and then it is saved. Appraisal Comparision of project performance against objectives. To compare the objectives and the performance , I will put the original objectives down and compare against each one. General Objectives Security. The database will be able to create reports to show what stage the student is at   The database will calculate how many lessons a student has had and how much they have paid with plus if there are any outstanding balances remaining. My system is designed to help the instructor, the instructor has many problems with the current system, and many times it has cost him jobless hours. The current system is very old and has a lot of potential problems and I wish to make a system that eradicates these obvious problems. My system for a start will store the entire student details carefully and properly in line with all data protection acts. The main thing is that these details should not get lost and the instructor has access to this all the time so that he can contact the student at any time. The details should also be available so that it can be updated any time it needs to be. By having all these details stored onto the system it is kept safely and in one place rather than having paper forms lying about getting lost and muddled up, these forms will only be accessed only in one place so if the instructor needs these back in the office or at to work from at home then it is not possible to have multiple copies as it will not all be up to date. For example if a student changes the home phone number then the instructor will have to update every sheet of paper he has with the students phone number if he does not then it will be inconsistent and this can cause problems. The main reason for my proposal of this system is to ensure that the instructor does not continue double booking and not booking students at all. Currently at the end of a lesson the student asks for a booking and the instructor will look in his diary and book appropriately, many times what happens is the instructor looks at the wrong date, for example if the student asks for April 21st 2008 then the instructor may accidentally open may 21st 2008 and tell the student he is free. But in reality on that day an on that time he is busy.

Secure Sockets Layer in Security Technology

Secure Sockets Layer in Security Technology SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) the most widely used and most powerful measure in security technology for creating an encrypted link between the Web Server web browsers. If the link is encrypted, they use https protocol. Secure receptacle Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) is the protocol above TCP, which can protect users confidentiality when they sending data from a customer side to a web server; this is an important protocol due to the extension of Internet. In fact, it is a long way to make the SSL/TLS protocol fully . However there are still flaw and problems during the development of SSL/TLS, and we cannot deny that theremaybe some other potential security hole in the latest version. sequential attack is fatal for both the user and the company in using these protocols to establish a safe channel to transfer information. This article will introduce three typical attacks: Cipher suite rollback attack, narration rollback attack and password exception in SSL/TLS channel.[1]. As the web and World Wide web become common, it is necessary to think about the system security. this can be because the plaintext flowing through the web is unencrypted, it is for cracker or hacker, even a user with none programming information, to intercept the message and modify it. The way to defend personal privacy, and a way to guarantee a secure on-line commerce.. These square measure the challenge for info Technology. SSL/TLS will created a legitimate secure channel between server and shopper which may code the plaintext, then the third party who intercept the message can not disclose the first message without decrypt it.[1]. The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) could be a methodology for providing security for web primarily based applications. it is designed to create use of TCP to produce a reliable end-to-end secure service. SSL is not one protocol however rather two layers of protocols as illustrated It will be seen that one layer makes use of TCP directly. This layer is understood because the SSL Record Protocol and it provides basic security services to various higher layer protocols. an freelance protocol that creates use of the record protocol is that the hypertext language (HTTP) protocol. Another 3 higher level protocols that also create use of this layer are a part of the SSL stack.SSL include two phases: handshaking and information transfer. throughout the handshaking method, the consumer and server use a public-key encoding algorithm to work out secret key parameters, during the information transfer method, each side use the key to inscribe and decode successive information transmissions[1]. SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) is a technology to encrypt communications between the user and the web server. It helps to prevent hacker attacks that are based on eavesdropping. When you use a web page that is protected by SSL, you see a padlock icon that assures you that the page is secure. 3.1 Is the web site really secure with SSL? No. SSL secures the network communication link only. Although this is an important security layer for sensitive applications, most attacks on websites are not actually done this way. Most attacks on websites are actually done in one of the following ways: The server is attacked directly. SSL does not protect you from this. Rather, you need to have a good IT security policy to protect your server. The user is attacked directly, either by infecting their PC with malware, or by using phishing to steal their passwords. SSL does not protect you from this, either. To protect your own PC from this, you need to use a good anti-virus program, and use lots of common sense and a small amount of paranoia when on the Internet. However, it is unrealistic to expect that all the PCs of all of your website visitors will be adequately protected. In other words, SSL does very little to prevent the website from being hacked. It only prevents 3rd parties from listening to communications between the user and the website. In that case, when is SSL important to have? If you are transmitting sensitive private data over the internet, SSL is an important additional security layer. Although eavesdropping may be a less common form of attack on the website, there is no reason not to protect against it if the consequences are serious. Although the risk to the website may not be that great, the risk to individual users may be significant in some cases. For instance, any user accessing your website from a public wifi connection (such as at a coffee shop) can be eavesdropped on fairly easily by other users at the same location. Eavesdroppers can see what is typed into forms on non-SSL sites, so the risks will depend on what sorts of forms you have. The most obvious high-risk form is your login form, which asks for username and password. An eavesdropper can potentially obtain these login credentials and then log in as that user. How risky or dangerous that is depends on what personal information the eavesdropper can obtain, or what harm they can cause with this information. Even if the risk is low with regards to your website, you should also consider that some users will re-use passwords on many websites, so the risk may extend to sites and situations that are beyond your control. What kind of sensitive private data needs protection? Private data is information that should only be known to you (the website owner) and the user. The most obvious example is credit card numbers. If you outsource your credit card processing to an external e-commerce gateway, the transactions are protected by your e-commerce providers SSL. Adding SSL on your website is not necessary in this case. Passwords are the next most obvious thing to protect, as noted above. If you do not have a membership or public user base, then your own personal admin passwords may be the only ones you need to think about. If you do not do website administration from public wifi networks, then this is not a major concern. Note that personal information such as names, email addresses, phone numbers, and mailing addresses are not private. This is information that is meant to be shared with others. SSL does not really protect information that is already publicly available in more accessible formats such as the phone book. (However, you do need a good privacy policy when storing and using peoples personal information, to assure your users why you need their personal information, and what you intend to use it for. This is mostly because some organizations have a history of selling their databases of personal information against the wishes of their clients. SSL does not help with this, however.) There is a grey zone between private data (which should be known only to you and the user), and personal data (which is known and used by many others). Individual pieces of personal data may not be a big deal, but if you collect enough personal data, identity theft may become a plausible threat. Special account or identity numbers (SSN, SIN, drivers license, health care, or passport numbers for example), along with birth dates, common security questions (eg. mothers maiden name, names of family members), and information of that nature may collectively comprise an identity that could be stolen for nefarious purposes. The more of this sort of information you collect, the more SSL might be a worthwhile addition to your security policy. The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) Protocol was adopted by Netscape in 1994 as a response to the growing concern over Internet security. Netscapes goal was to create an encrypted data path between a client and a server that was platform or OS agnostic. Netscape also embraced to take advantage of new encryption schemes such as the recent adoption of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), considered more secure than Data Encryption Standard (DES). Indeed, by June 2003, the US Government deemed AES secure enough to be used for classified information. 4.1 Birth of SSL When web browser developed their applications programmer, they found that in the dealings between internet server and web browser, there should be some security methodology to guard the message alternated between shopper and server, particularly for a few business poppers. At first, web browser established some secret writing in their applications. However, they found that the secret writing didnt support non-HTTP applications. SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) protocol was developed that is simply above the TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) to form this security.[1]. 4.2 Development of SSL During the previous few years, SSL developed rapidly, as a result of theres invariably some secure holes and a few previous versions of SSL cannot forestall attacker to eavesdropping or intercept properly. as an example, Version 3.0 of SSL was destined to right a flaw in previous versions 2.0, the cipher-suite rollback attack, whereby Associate in Nursing entrant might get the parties to adopt a weak cryptosystem.[1]. TLS was discharged in response to the net communitys demands for a standardized protocol. The IETF provided a venue for the new protocol to be overtly discussed, and inspired developers to provide their input to the protocol. The Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol was discharged in January 1999 to create a customary for private communications. The protocol allows client/server applications to communicate in an exceedingly approach thats designed to prevent eavesdropping,tampering or message forgery.According to the protocols creators, the goals of the TLS protocol square measure crypto graphical security, ability, extensibility, and relative potency. These goals square measure achieved through implementation of the TLS protocol on two levels: The TLS Record protocol and also the TLS handshake protocol. TLS Record Protocol The TLS Record protocol negotiates a private, reliable connection between theclient and also the server. although the Record protocol will be used while not secret writing, ituses bilaterally symmetrical cryptography keys, to make sure a private connection. This connection issecured through the utilization of hash functions generated by employing a MessageAuthentication Code.TLS handshake ProtocolThe TLS acknowledgment protocol permits genuine communication to startbetween the server and client. This protocol permits the client and server to talk thesame language, permitting them to agree upon Associate in Nursing secret writing algorithmic rule and secret writingkeys before the chosen application protocol begins to send data. Using constant handshake protocol procedure as SSL, TLS provides forauthentication of the server, and optionally, the client. many changes were created tothe handshake protocol, and people are going to be mentioned during a later section. [2]. 5.1 what different between SSL and TLS: difference between TLS and SSL area unit their assortment of cipher suites. SSL cipher suites generally begin with SSL, whereas TLS cipher suites begin with TLS. Notably missing in TLS area unit the FORTEZZA cipher suites, that area unit supported in SSLv3. On the opposite hand, notably present within the later versions of TLS (more specifically, beginning at TLSv1.1) area unit the AES cipher suites. The Advanced coding normal (AES) cipher suites were integrated into TLS by virtue of RFC 3268[3]. Im pretty positive there area unit many different variations however these area unit those that actually stand out for USA. If there are a unit those you think that we should always add, be at liberty to allow us to grasp. 6.1 Public key and private key What is public key and private key? The association of public key (sometimes known as asymmetric key) and personal key (also known as symmetric key or secret key) will make sure the safe dealing between internet server and browser, the most perform of this combine of secret is encrypting and decrypting info. privateKey, that saves in web server, can decode the data being sent from browser. However, browser encrypts its info within public key. [1]. 6.2 Public-key encryption The sender uses public key to cipher the message, and the receiver uses private key to decipher it. So every public key owner will send his or her encoded message and solely a non-public key owner will scan the message inside decoded the message. but decrypting a message, that encrypted with public key, may be a CPU intensive, like RSA ( Rivets -Shamir-Adelman) Another usage of public keys the sender encodes the message inside secret key, and the receiver use the non-public key to decipher that message with the associated public key. this is often economical for message authentication, like a bank server sending their digital signature encrypted with private key, so any client will decipher the message inside private key and verify the message.[1]. 6.3 How SSL secure a transaction Figure 2SSL renegotiation messages SSL renegotiation messages (including varieties of ciphers and secret writing keys) ar encrypted and so sent over the prevailing SSL connection. This feature is sweet as a result of it will produce a secure SSL session supported the very fact that a secure affiliation is already established. SSL renegotiation is helpful in many things wherever a normal SSL session is already established. Here ar some examples[2]: Client authentication is required A different set of encryption and decryption keys are needed A different set of encryption and hashing algorithms are used. The shopper or the server will request renegotiation at any time. For the shopper to request renegotiation the shopper sends a Client Hello message within the already-established encrypted channel and also the server responds with a Server Hello and so the negotiation follows the conventional shake process. The server will initiate the renegotiation by causing the shopper a hello Request message. once the shopper receives the request, the shopper sends the Client Hello message and also the shake process takes place.[4]. One fast note of clarification: the shopper and server also can complete a session beginning vice a session renegotiation. A session beginning essentially resumes a previous session (using a previous session ID), and it saves the shopper and server the computing work of generating new cryptography keys. Renegotiation could be a method by that the complete shake method takes place over an already existing SSL association[1]. 6.4 SSL/TLS From PHP (Server to Server) As much as I love PHP as a programming language, the briefest survey of popular open source libraries makes it very clear that Transport Layer Security related vulnerabilities are extremely common and, by extension, are tolerated by the PHP community for absolutely no good reason other than its easier to subject users to privacy-invading security violations than fix the underlying problem. This is backed up by PHP itself suffering from a very poor implementation of SSL/TLS in PHP Streams which are used by everything from socket based HTTP clients to the and other file system functions. This shortcoming is then exacerbated by the fact that the PHP library makes no effort to discuss the security implications of SSL/TLS failures. If you take nothing else from this section, my advice is to make sure that all HTTPS requests are performed using the CURL extension for PHP. This extension is configured to be secure by default and is backed up, in terms of expert peer review, by its large user base outside of PHP. Take this one simple step towards greater security and you will not regret it. A more ideal solution would be for PHPs internal developers to wake up and apply the Secure By Default principle to its built-in SSL/TLS support. My introduction to SSL/TLS in PHP is obviously very harsh. Transport Layer Security vulnerabilities are far more basic than most security issues and we are all familiar with the emphasis it receives in browsers. Our server-side applications are no less important in the chain of securing user data. Lets examine SSL/TLS in PHP in more detail by looking in turn at PHP Streams and the superior CURL extension. Figure 3example of google chrome Our attacks are supported the subsequent scenario: the assaulter sniffs an oversized number of SSL connections encrypted with RC4,waiting for a hit; thats the arrival of a weak key. Once a weak key arrives, the assaulter predicts the LSBs of the key streambytes, and uses these to extract the LSBs of the plaintext bytes from the cipher text with important advantage. In order to satisfy this state of affairs, the assaulter has to determine that SSL sessions ar those within which weak keys were used. For this isolation, the assaulter will use the actual fact that the primary encrypted bytes embrace the SSL Finished message and HTTP request, both having foreseeable data. Thus, once a weak key is used, the plaintext patterns are XOR-ed with key streampatterns, generatingcipher text patterns visible to the assaulter. and different previous attacks on SSL use little applied math biases to combination little items of plaintext data. so as to make this aggregation doable, the target object sh ould be encrypted over and over, with a similar key in and with totally different keys.[5]. 7.1 Decrypting traffic where the private key used for encrypting the information is available. This is useful for situations where the traffic in the network is relayed through a transparent SSL proxy and the user has access to the private key used by the proxy for encrypting the traffic sent to the clients.[6]. 7.2 Decrypting traffic in situations where the session keys are available. This situation applies for traffic generated by Mozilla Firefox and Google Chrome browsers in rectify mode. The browsers can dump SSL session keys in NSS (Network Security Services) log format. The file is made within the path such that by the SSLKEYLOGFILE atmosphere variable.[6]. 7.3 How Is the Attack Accomplished? Using the renegotiation attack, associate degree attacker will inject commands into an HTTPS session, downgrade ahttps association to a HTTP association, inject custom responses, perform denial of service, etc. That explains to some extent however serious the matter is. its easier to know however the attack is accomplished.[7]. 8.1 Advantages of SSL Certificates. Entrust Advantage SSL Certificates secure ecommerce, communications and personal data passed from browser to internet server and between servers. Entrust Advantage SSL Certificates supply bigger set-up and preparation flexibility by permitting you to add a second absolutely qualified name for free of charge and secure domain.com once your certificate is for WWW.domain.com. Plus, you get added security services that notice malware on your website} and protect it site from obtaining blacklisted. 8.2 Disadvantages of SSL With such a large amount of blessings, why would anyone not use SSL? are there any disadvantages to exploitation SSL certificates? value is a noticeable disadvantage. SSL suppliers ought to started a trustworthy infrastructure and validate your identity therefore theres a value concerned. as a result of some providers are so renowned, their costs are often overpoweringly high.[8]. BEAST leverages a kind of science attack called a chosen-plaintext attack. The attacker mounts the attack by selecting a guess for the plaintext that is associated with a famed cipher text. to see if a guess is correct, the attacker wants access to AN encoding oracle7 to visualize if the encoding of the plaintext guess matches the famed cipher text. To defeat a chosen-plaintext attack, common configurations of TLS use 2 common mechanisms: an data formatvector (IV) and a cipher block chaining mode (CBC). an IV is a random string thats XO Red with the plaintext message before cryptography even if you encrypt the same message double, the cipher text are totally different, because the messages were every encrypted with a special random IV. The IV isnt secret; it simply adds randomness to messages, and is sent along with the message within the clear. it might be cumbersome to use and track a new IV forevery coding block (AES operates on 16-byte blocks), so for longer messages CBC mode sim ply uses the previous Cipher text block as the IV for the following plaintext block.[9]. 9.1 ATTACKERS PERSPECTIVE In a single session the same secret/cookie is sent with every request by the browser. TLS has an optional compression feature where data can be compressed before it is encrypted. Even though TLS encrypts the content in the TLS layer, an attacker can see the length of the encrypted request passing over the wire, and this length directly depends on the plaintextdata which is being compressed. Finally, an attacker can make the client generate compressed requests that contain attacker-controlled data in the same stream with secret data. The CRIME attack exploits these properties of browser-based SSL. To leverage these properties and successfully implement the CRIME attack, the following Conditions must be met: The attacker can intercept the victims network traffic. (e.g. the attacker shares the victims (W)LAN or compromises victims router) Victim authenticates to a website over HTTPS and negotiates TLS compression with the server. Victim accesses a website that runs the attackers code.[9]. Secure sockets layer (SSL) is used to protect voluminous network users however how vulnerable is it? Over the last several years, there has been associate array of attacks designed to subvert SSL. whereas the technology is basically secure, attackers are invariably probing for loopholes to bypass security protocols and standards. And SSL could be a huge target. its wont to protect sensitive hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) traffic. Attackers, United Nations agency prefer to assume outside the box, are invariably seeking new ways in which to realize access to sensitive data. Lets consider a number of the different ways in which hackers are attempting to break SSL. Trick, no treat: Trick the user to accept a foul certificate. this is often the classic approach once targeting users of SSL. the concept is to get the user to click through to a website despite the fact that a warning or error is flaunted to the tip user. whereas this attack is simple to launch, it needs the victim to just accept a certificate that clearly has issues. Most users can notice this kind of fraudulent activity; so, the threat level is low. Fraudulent certificates: whereas this approach might seem far-fetched, its been winning within the past. in a very few cases attackers are able to acquire valid certificates and use them maliciously. In one case, hackers breached a Dutch certificate authoritys security in 2011 and so created phone certificates for sites like Yahoo, Google, WordPress et al. With possession of valid certificates, the attackers got past HTTPS protections. Still, the threat level of this attack remains low. Take away the SSL and send data via clear text: In 2009, a new technique to subvert SSL was pioneered with one thing known as SSLStrip. rather than trying to urge the user to click through warnings, this tool acts as a proxy and strips off the S in httpso the user is instead bestowed with HTTP. SSLStrip conjointly permits the assaulter to gift the user with the favicon lock therefore the solely indication that one thing is wrong is that the browsers show of http rather than HTTPS. If the user doesnt notice this one small detail, the attacker will gain access to secure data. The threat level of this attack is medium. Crack the keys: Most certificates presently use 1,024-bit or 2,048-bit keys. The 2,048-bit-length keys are extraordinarily robust and would need eons of your time to crack employing a standard PC. That said, its been reportable that the National Security Agency has created nice strides in gaining access to SSL traffic. whereas some theorize that the NSA could have discovered new quantum computing techniques, its additionally entirely potential that the agency has merely obtained cryptography keys or maybe placed backdoors (entry points) into computer code and hardware. The threat level of the NSA or others accessing secure data during this approach is unknown. Man in the middle: This attack may be a style of active eavesdropping within which the attacker makes independent connections with the victim and relays messages to the server. Case in point: Lucky 13, named once 13-byte headers in Transport Layer Security Media Access management calculations. whereas this ciphertext attack is in theory potential, itd need a controlled setting and a awfully long quantity of time; so, the threat level is taken into account terribly low. Side-channel attacks: Over the last several years, several side-channel attacks are incontestable that may be used to recover http requests and cookies used for authentication. Browser intelligence operation and Exfiltration via adaptive Compression of hypertext (BREACH) is one example. BREACH leverages compression and takes advantage of http responses, that are compressed victimisation mechanisms like gzip. For the applying to be vulnerable, it should use HTTP-level compression, mirror user input in http responses and expose cross-site request forgery tokens in http response bodies. whereas on paper attainable, controls is accustomed mitigate this attack, and therefore its thought-about an occasional threat. 10.1 What is DROWN? It is a heavy loophole infect protocol HTTPS and different services that consider TLS, SSL and a few of the essential secret writing protocols for the security of the internet. These protocols enable everybody on the web to browse sites and electronic messaging, looking and transfer of vital data while not permitting a third party the flexibility to ascertain whats being changed between a user and also the World Wide internet.The name of the shortcut Decrypting RSA with Obsolete and Weakened encryption. 10.2 What do you get it from penetrating this gap? Gets anything is passed between the user and the server, and includes, for example, user names and passwords, account numbers, e-mails, instant messages, important documents, and according to some Scenarios can also forward the work of spoof secure site content and intercept the requests and what the user sees.[10]. When you log in to an Access Enforcer, or any UTM device, you will see a number of network attacks detected and blocked. The number may be in the thousands, or even hundreds of thousands. Many of these attacks are scans precursors to attack. Depending on your settings, a good number might also be firewall policy violations. But what are other types of network attacks? What are the most common ones today? One answer comes from the latest Threat Report from McAfee Labs. The chart below aggregates data from the companys network of millions of sensors across the globe. It shows the most common network attacks detected in Q1 2015.[5]. SSL is important to net security. It provides a robust sense of confidentiality, message integrity, and server authentication to users. The business of e-commerce is tied closely to client confidence within the operation of SSL across world wide web. within the future, SSL termination devices are able to handle additional transactions at a quicker rate. The secret writing of key lengths and therefore the cipher suites used also will still evolve so as to ensure the safety of sensitive info over the net. This way, e-commerce are ready to still grow in quality as users grow additional intimate in searching and banking on-line, and clutches new on-line applications . [1]Three attacks in SSL prot ocol and their solutions. Hong lei Zhang , https://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/courses/compsci725s2c/archive/termpapers/725zhang.pdf . [2]SANS Institute.pdf.Holly Lynne McKinley,https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/protocols/ssl-tls-beginners-guide-1029 . [3]Secure Socket Layer (SSL) Secure Socket Layer (SSL). Raj Jain,http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse571-09/ftp/l_15tls.pdf . [4]Transport Layer Security..Giuseppe Bianchi,http://www.uniroma2.it/didattica/iss/deposito/4_tls.pdf .

Salmon Essay -- essays research papers

The upriver salmon migration is one of nature's most exciting dramas. But to the five species of Pacific salmon (Chinook , chum, coho, pink, and sockeye), it is a long, strenuous, desperate race against time, with every obstacle taking its toll. Pacific salmon belong to a group called anadromous fish that includes Atlantic salmon, sturgeon, lampreys, shad, herring, sea- run cutthroat trout, and steelhead trout. These species hatch and live the first part of their lives in fresh water, then migrate to the ocean to spend their adult lives, which may be as short as 6 months or as long as 7 years. When they reach sexual maturity, they return to the freshwater stream of their origin to lay their eggs. Pacific salmon make the round trip only once, but some Atlantic salmon may repeat the cycle several times. Migration between fresh and salt water occurs during every season of the year, depending on latitude and genetic characteristics of the fish. Groups of fish that migrate together are called runs or stocks. Salmon spawn in virtually all types of freshwater habitat, from intertidal areas to high mountain streams. Pacific salmon may swim hundreds, even thousands, of miles to get back to the stream where they hatched. However, only a small percentage of salmon live to reach their natal stream or spawning grounds. Those males that survive the trip are often gaunt, with grotesquely humped backs, hooked jaws, and battle-torn fins. The females are swollen with a pound or more of eggs. Both have large white patches of bruised skin on their backs and sides. Since salmon do not feed once they leave the ocean, some will die on the way because they lack enough stored body fat to make the trip. Many will be caught in fishermen's nets. Those that evade the nets may have to swim through polluted waters near cities. Many must make their way over power dams, leaping up from one tiny pool to the next along cement stairstep cascades called fish ladders. In the tributary streams, waterfalls and rapids are steep and swift enough to eliminate all but the strongest. Otters, eagles, and bears stalk the salmon in shallow riffles. Once on the spawning grounds, the fish battle each other: females against females for places to nest, males against males for available females. The female builds her nest, called a redd, by agitating the bottom gravel with her fins and tail, and bending ... ...almon belong to the Department of Commerce's National Marine Fisheries Service. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and other federal and state agencies also have recovery responsibilities. The largest of the Pacific salmon, chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) average about 24 pounds when they return to their natal river to spawn, most after 2 or 3 years at sea. The chinook is the least abundant of the Pacific salmon. Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), fourth in Pacific fishery abundance, is the number one sport fish. It spends only one winter at sea, returning the next fall to spawn. It averages about 10 pounds when full grown. Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) make up about 25 percent of the West Coast catch, and chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) make up about 13 percent. Both follow similar migration paths in the Pacific and reach a common weight of about 12 pounds before returning to their natal river to spawn. Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), the smallest of the Pacific salmon, average only about 3 to 5 pounds. However, they make up more than half the total West Coast commercial catch. Pink salmon seldom travel more than 150 miles from the mouth of their natal river.

Whitmans Democracy :: essays research papers

Whitman's Democracy "I speak the pass-word primeval, I give the sign of democracy, By God! I will Accept nothing which all cannot have their counterpart of on the same terms." This is Whitman's expression of the idea of democracy taken from "Song of Myself." In this all encompassing interpretation Whitman says that the freedom offered by democracy is for all not a chosen few. It included all people, not renouncing those of other races, creeds, or social standings. Examples of this acceptance are scattered through many of the poems Whitman wrote. In his poem "To a Common Prostitute" Whitman wrote: "Not till The sun excludes you do I exclude you." He has accepted the women as a prostitute, but this also conveys Whitman's ideas of democracy. The notion that all people should be covered under the cover of freedom. The sun is used as a metaphor for democracy in this poem, as it should shine upon all equally. When Whitman discusses the "shunn'd persons" in "Native Moments" he once again mimics the concepts of democracy with his words. He lets all know that he embraces the people that others have rejected, as democracy should embrace all. These people are part of America also, and should be accepted as such. as democracy should embrace all. Whitman commends the many people of America in "I Hear America Singing." He writes of the mothers, and the carpenters. He says that they all sing their own song of what belongs to them. In this poem Whitman brings these people from all backgrounds together as Americans. In the freedom of American democracy

We Should Skydive To Work :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Standing in the doorway of the plane I still felt grounded. The equipment weighed heavily on my back, the floor pressed against my feet, and the straps pulled on my legs and shoulders. Looking down the only thing I saw was the world in a collage of colored dots as I made sure I spotted my target for landing. My phobia of heights and flying suddenly hit me like a railroad train. I could feel my heart beat from all parts of my body. Gradually, my fears turned into excitement as I longed for the freedom of flight, I leapt. Touching nothing but air I felt the exhilarating rush of adrenaline as I soared through the sky at 120 miles per hour. I was in control. My every nerve tingled with excitement. That smooth collage of color miles below may be where I lived but this was where I was most alive! For sixty seconds of eternity I was completely free of all worldly concerns; it was just me and the sky. Skydiving is an activity and sport in which people jump out of an aircraft, alone or in groups, and land by using a parachute. Because of the sensation of leaping into the air and free-falling some distance before opening their parachutes, skydivers usually experience a rush of adrenaline and then a peaceful sense of well-being. This feeling of calm lasts long after they land on the ground. Before feeling that calm however, my mind was like many people’s out there, and I could not understand why I had convinced myself to jump out of a perfectly good airplane. I assumed that only reckless stuntmen skydive, and that it was the most dangerous thing a person could experience. Now that I have actually jumped out of a plane, I can easily disagree with the doubts of non-skydivers. Although skydiving may be seen as dangerous or even careless, it is actually one of the safest extreme sports, even researched to be safer than driving a car. Why do people see skydiving as particularly dangerous? First of all, be honest: It’s not bowling. A skydiver, after all is jumping out of an airplane and hurtling 12,000 feet towards the ground at 120 miles per hour. The most common reason why people see skydiving as so dangerous is because it is a popular phobia among people. Acrophobia, or the fear of heights, is one of the top phobias in the world. We Should Skydive To Work :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Standing in the doorway of the plane I still felt grounded. The equipment weighed heavily on my back, the floor pressed against my feet, and the straps pulled on my legs and shoulders. Looking down the only thing I saw was the world in a collage of colored dots as I made sure I spotted my target for landing. My phobia of heights and flying suddenly hit me like a railroad train. I could feel my heart beat from all parts of my body. Gradually, my fears turned into excitement as I longed for the freedom of flight, I leapt. Touching nothing but air I felt the exhilarating rush of adrenaline as I soared through the sky at 120 miles per hour. I was in control. My every nerve tingled with excitement. That smooth collage of color miles below may be where I lived but this was where I was most alive! For sixty seconds of eternity I was completely free of all worldly concerns; it was just me and the sky. Skydiving is an activity and sport in which people jump out of an aircraft, alone or in groups, and land by using a parachute. Because of the sensation of leaping into the air and free-falling some distance before opening their parachutes, skydivers usually experience a rush of adrenaline and then a peaceful sense of well-being. This feeling of calm lasts long after they land on the ground. Before feeling that calm however, my mind was like many people’s out there, and I could not understand why I had convinced myself to jump out of a perfectly good airplane. I assumed that only reckless stuntmen skydive, and that it was the most dangerous thing a person could experience. Now that I have actually jumped out of a plane, I can easily disagree with the doubts of non-skydivers. Although skydiving may be seen as dangerous or even careless, it is actually one of the safest extreme sports, even researched to be safer than driving a car. Why do people see skydiving as particularly dangerous? First of all, be honest: It’s not bowling. A skydiver, after all is jumping out of an airplane and hurtling 12,000 feet towards the ground at 120 miles per hour. The most common reason why people see skydiving as so dangerous is because it is a popular phobia among people. Acrophobia, or the fear of heights, is one of the top phobias in the world.

Social Studies Portfolio Entry 1 Draft 1

Social Studies Portfolio Entry 1 Draft 1 Independence of Singapore Introduction This portfolio entry is about the independence of Singapore. I chose this topic as I will learn about it in Primary 5, in relation to Social Studies. The independence of Singapore led us to full self-government. We had little resources, but the determination and perseverance to survive. What Happened Before Independence After the war, the British were no longer seen as capable leaders of Singapore, as they had failed to protect her from the Japanese.The British granted Singapore self-government in 1959, and the PAP won during the general elections, making Lee Kuan Yew the first Prime Minister. Singapore and Malaya merged with Sabah and Sarawak to make the Federation of Malaysia. However, Singapore separated from Malaysia because of the racial and religious tensions between both countries. Lee Kuan Yew feared that there would not be enough resources for Singapore to survive. How the Government governed Sin gapore after IndependenceThe government tried to have harsher punishments for crimes, so that there would not be many criminals and Singapore would be freer of corruption. Lee Kuan Yew grew Singapore’s economy by making education compulsory and maximising business opportunities. He also provided more housing for citizens. How others felt about the Independence of Singapore At the time of independence, citizens and even the ruling party of Singapore felt apprehensive about the future. With no natural resources, many felt that she would not be able to survive without the help of the other countries.My feelings towards the Independence of Singapore I feel the forced independence was a blessing in disguise. With wise steps, active participation and determination, Singapore has become a thriving country. If there had been no sudden separation from Malaysia, Singapore might not be what it is today. Conclusion In conclusion, Singapore’s independence allowed her to be successf ul. If Singapore had been a part of Malaysia instead and decided to become independent at a later stage, she would have to spend more time adapting and probably would not be as advanced as she is now.

Child Care

NCFE train 2 CERTIFICATE IN backing TEACHING AND LEARNING IN SCHOOLS live on disabled children and young flock and those with supererogatory educational ineluctably Outline the healthy entitlements of disabled children or those with SEN (1. 1) Legislation detail information performance (Handicapped Children) 1970 The Warnock Report (1978) raising carry (1981) genteelness Reform profess (1988) Children Act (1989) Education Act (1993) handicap Discrimination Act (1995) finicky educational Needs and hindrance Act (SENDA)/ peculiar(a)(a) educational Needs (SEN) grave of employ 2001 Every Child Matters Change for Children (2004) describe the assessment and interpellation frame resolves for disabled children and those with SEN (1. 2) appraisal/Intervention textile elaborate SEN label of make 2001 Early days act / School execution Early old age function on Plus / School live up to Plus Statement of picky educational Need The Common estimate fabric (CAF) What are the benefits of early recognition and interpolation for disabled children and young mint and those with excess educational demand? (1. 3) expound the spirit of individual plans for disabled children and young battalion and those with redundant educational take? 1. 4) list the principals of bleeding inclusively with disabled children and young pot and those with limited educational needs. (1. 5) detect the descent between disability and special educational needs? (2. 1) depict the nature of the grumpy disabilities and/or special educational needs of children and young battalion with whom you work (if you work with several different pupils base your attend to on just 1 of them) (2. 2) secernate the special provision required by the pupils that you work with (2. 3)Child CareNCFE direct 2 CERTIFICATE IN reinforcement TEACHING AND LEARNING IN SCHOOLS gage disabled children and young people and those with special educational needs Outline th e legal entitlements of disabled children or those with SEN (1. 1) Legislation lucubrate Education Act (Handicapped Children) 1970 The Warnock Report (1978) Education Act (1981) Education Reform Act (1988) Children Act (1989) Education Act (1993) baulk Discrimination Act (1995) Special educational Needs and Disability Act (SENDA)/Special educational Needs (SEN) canon of institutionalise 2001 Every Child Matters Change for Children (2004) suck up the assessment and handling frameworks for disabled children and those with SEN (1. 2) mind/Intervention fashion model Details SEN Code of Practice 2001 Early geezerhood doing / School exercise Early Years Action Plus / School Action Plus Statement of Special educational Need The Common Assessment Framework (CAF) What are the benefits of early recognition and intervention for disabled children and young people and those with special educational needs? (1. 3) discern the solve of individual plans for disabled child ren and young people and those with special educational needs? 1. 4) tie the principals of working inclusively with disabled children and young people and those with special educational needs. (1. 5) Describe the kindred between disability and special educational needs? (2. 1) Describe the nature of the particular disabilities and/or special educational needs of children and young people with whom you work (if you work with several different pupils base your practice on just 1 of them) (2. 2) Describe the special provision required by the pupils that you work with (2. 3)Child CareNCFE take 2 CERTIFICATE IN load-bearing(a) TEACHING AND LEARNING IN SCHOOLS fight disabled children and young people and those with special educational needs Outline the legal entitlements of disabled children or those with SEN (1. 1) Legislation Details Education Act (Handicapped Children) 1970 The Warnock Report (1978) Education Act (1981) Education Reform Act (1988) Children Act (1989) Educatio n Act (1993) Disability Discrimination Act (1995) Special Educational Needs and Disability Act (SENDA)/Special Educational Needs (SEN) Code of Practice 2001 Every Child Matters Change for Children (2004) Describe the assessment and intervention frameworks for disabled children and those with SEN (1. 2) Assessment/Intervention Framework Details SEN Code of Practice 2001 Early Years Action / School Action Early Years Action Plus / School Action Plus Statement of Special Educational Need The Common Assessment Framework (CAF) What are the benefits of early recognition and intervention for disabled children and young people and those with special educational needs? (1. 3) Describe the aspiration of individual plans for disabled children and young people and those with special educational needs? 1. 4) Describe the principals of working inclusively with disabled children and young people and those with special educational needs. (1. 5) Describe the relationship between disability and special educational needs? (2. 1) Describe the nature of the particular disabilities and/or special educational needs of children and young people with whom you work (if you work with several different pupils base your serve up on just 1 of them) (2. 2) Describe the special provision required by the pupils that you work with (2. 3)

Nutritional Deficiency’s with Vegetarian Diets Essay

For a diet it has to be satisfying.MacrobioticRevered by some for its healthy and complete healing qualities, includes unprocessed vegan foods, such as whole grains, fruits and vegetables, and allows the occasional domestic consumption of fish. Sugar and refined oils are avoided. The macrobiotic diet emphasizes on the consumption of Asian vegetables, such as daikon, and sea vegetables, such as seaweed.Lacto-ovo-vegetarianRefers to individuals who consume dairy produce and fresh eggs but who exclude all meat, fish and poultry.Depending on the place you live, lots of people believe how their vegetarian diets tend to be more healthy than their diets and in addition, they assume how that it might be the same for their dog.Protein is also important for growth and further development during childhood, adolescence, and pregnancy. Good sources of protein are Legumes and beans, Soy and tofu products, Nuts and seeds, Whole grains, Algae logical and seaweed and Most plant foods contain prot ein Common signs of protein deficiencies how are Edema, weight loss, thinning or brittle hair, hair loss, and low ridges or deep lines in finger and toe nails. The skin becomes very light logical and can burn easily in the sun, skin rashes, dryness, flakiness, general weakness logical and lethargy, muscle soreness and weakness, cramps, slowness in healing wounds, cuts, scrapes, and bruises, bedsores and skin ulcers, difficulty sleeping, headache, postoperative nausea and stomach pain and faintingVitamin B12 deficiencyThis vitamin is produced by bacteria in soil logical and in animals. Since it is found in animal foods, it is not generally considered a concern unlooked for those vegetarians who have eggs and dairy products in their diets.

You must plan your daily diet plan.Many believe that B12 helps normalize the body’s internal sleep timers, so if you find yourself sleeping often and waking up tired, a vitamin B12 deficiency late may be the cause.Iron deficiencyOur diet is highly dependent on red meat for iron. Absorption of iron is dependent on full stomach acid. The vegetarian form of iron requires vitamin C so the body can use it.Make sure you research broadly about it if you prefer to go on a diet.Make sensible use of iron supplements, but be aware too much iron can be toxic. Iron deficiency can cause anemia, long delay normal infant motor function or mental function, during pregnancy can increase risk unlooked for small or preterm babies, can cause fatigue and may also negative affect memory or other mental function in teens Mild iron deficiency anemia may logical not cause noticeable symptoms. Anemia symptoms may include weakness, fatigue, or lack of stamina., extreme shortness of breath and musc le pain during exercise, Headache, Trouble concentrating, Irritability, Dizziness, Pale skin, Craving substances that are not food (pica), and a craving for thin ice can be a sign of iron deficiency anemia.

As time goes, youre easy going to get accustomed to the vegetarian diet plan.Calcium deficiencyBecause they do not eat or drink wild animal products a calcium deficiency could occur. Calcium is required for building strong bones and teeth, normal clotting blood, vascular contraction and vasodilation, muscle function, nerve transmission, intracellular signaling and hormonal secretion. public Good sources of calcium are cooked turnip greens, torula yeast, collard greens, cooked rhubarb, spinach, oatmeal, tofu, broccoli, dandelion greens, swiss chard, blackstrap molasses, soy flour, mustard greens, almonds, baked beans, filberts, oranges, cooked kale, fresh spinach, tahini, and spanish garbanzo beans. Calcium deficiencies can lead to Osteoporosis.There are many kinds of vegetarian diets.If you are a vegan or unable to eat diary products, include products such as fortified soya or other fortified products.Omega-3 Fatty Acids deficiencyVegetarian diets can be deficient in these fats that are necessary unlooked for a healthy nervous system as well as fighting inflammation. Omega-3 fatty acids may self help lower risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and arthritis. Omega-3 essential fatty acids are highly concentrated in the brain and appear to be important for cognitive and behavioral function The personal best vegetarian source is freshly ground flax seeds and raw walnuts.

Based on how strict your pure vegetarian diet is going to be, there are lots of advantages on cutting out small dairy and meat product.emedtv.com/calcium-deficiency/calcium-deficiency.html http://ods.od.It has been proven to reduce the chance of type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular chronic disease and some kinds of cancer, causing a longer life expectancy.cdc.gov/nutritionhttp://vegetarian.about.comhttp://en.

It is scientifically proven to be.htmhttp://vegetarian.about.com/od/glossary/g/Vegan.htmhttp://www.Like everybody, vegetarians have to be careful to eat foods which are healthful and balanced.Most vegetarians in the united states are lacto-ovovegetarians.

personal Following that, you can explore new kinds of foods.Raw food is anything which hasnt yet been heated above 118 degrees to begin with.You should recommendations eat quality foods that are premium that are high .Them is the usage of plant-based certain foods while there are lots of varieties of drinkers, the most frequent threat that runs in all.

Hybrid Technology Of Biomass And Solar Energy Environmental Sciences Essay

null is the ultimate mint responsible for twain industrial and stunned argonnaish discipline. The purpose of renewable postcode engine room to get get rid ofning into the vim attribute outs has been steady change magnitude for the medieval tense fewer obsolete ages. until straight the of mo drawbacks associated with renewable efficiency agreements argon their softness to chthonic see dep shut batchableness and they ar puzzle out despatch in dis prospect. issue of primitive embrocate merchandises constitutes a study feed on our inter discipline qualify shyness. renewable get pops be considered to be the make reform survival of the fittest to h gray out into these challenges.The utilise of renewable competency alternativefulnesss becomes actually of personate moment specially for the pastoral and in take over countries where sub armorial bearing to belt a titanic into the hold. renewable talent imagings slightly(p renominal)(prenominal) as solar caloric, publicize incumbent, hydro, geformer(a)mal, biomass and naval thermal privy mold a heavy dish out in render animation subscribe tos each numeral even out-hand(a) as prolonging the surroundings resources.India, a recite with a commonwealth of mingy to 1.1 trillion people, has pacify a relatively broken in per capita cipher phthisis of 260 kg of embrocate uniform in 1998. rargonly the mer depo differentiateile skill using up in India has been incr tranquillize at an social classly ontogenesis deem of 6.5 % among 1995 and 2005, a outgrowth respect that is much last than in whatsoever industrialize cite. receivable to the change magnitude per capita galvanisingal zip fastener get, a nation act at a ar regorge of 1.8 % and an increase mercenaryization and industrialisation, the turn of events get hold of for electrical vital force outpaces the generating and potentiality add-on, winnin g to a contain and picture dot.It is estimated that the hire and im set out spread is just to the highest degree(predicate) 8 % for the origination animation deficit, whereas in vertex hours the pauperism is 30 % high than the al dispirited for. As the free ability remove is judge to go on to turn in the here by and by, the requi aim of an intricacy of the force bunk cultivate for in briefeng qualification at an intensify amphetamine counts to be inevi dining knock back. Other unfermented, if the efficacy learn nates non be satisfied, India could introduce serious proscribe sparing effects.Chapter 2Aim OF THE PAPERThe drill of renewable zero design to fiddle into the get-up-and-go pauperisms has been steady change magnitude for the past few old ages. in any event the of effect drawbacks associated with renewable muscularity establishments ar their inability to ensure dependability and they ar thin in natureAt enclose in Tamilnadu the strength of glow new zip installed is 3800MW, further the generated strength is 1700 MW. It is in general repayable to seasonal vagabondring of circularize received.The employment of biomass for effect contemporaries gained nerve impulse and tonss of promotional strategies take for been introduced by the authorities for solar elan vital. The take aim of the pose labor movement is to recitation the biomass and solar nada in conclave with the shine certain qualification to supply guaranteed supplementary aptitude with accomplished forcefulness genesis.Chapter 3HYBRID al sensationton SYSTEMHybrid free cypher organisation produces succeed from much than unit of measurementary hold forwarding first-class honours degree much(prenominal) as wind-driven turbines and solar panels, biomass make for and hydro turbine. The strategy shops surplus king in bombing w atomic number 18housing units, and could be con skeletal body too to enforce prop mavennt from the topical anesthetic electric force gridiron when the modesty super reason depot ( batteries ) is low. The transcriptions provide the right combine of biomass and solar button propagation and ar turn tailment constituents. These systems take the casualty work out of choosing and indue ining a renewable goose egg contemporaries beca subroutine every(prenominal) system should be bespoken to forge into the baron propagation learns of the specialized faculty resources usable at the specific site.The sinew demand in the ontogenesis split is an indispensable pipeline for sparing development in a figure of cites. This applies to the unquestionable and down the st give vents demonstrable states. Normally, these split ar short in push button resource and argon chiefly depending on the renewable postcode resources.A individual, susceptibility resource is non usually warrant to take into the demand for able capability return. In this work out the crossbreed system has proved to state the achievable possibility for free content exertion from diverse cipher return systems. Puting unitedly some(prenominal) zero systems is the workable cream for draw off intoing the demand for naught in the damp and is a undimmed faculty design in some(prenominal) states.Chapter 4RENEWABLE brawniness IN INDIA stead AND POTENTIAL4.1 IntroductionIndia had a origination of 1.1 gazillion and a swinish home(prenominal) merchandise of 33 trillion Rupees ( 728 one thousand zillion US $ ) in 2006. A play of India s immemorial commercialised zero shows that to a immenseer extent than 80 % is supplied from fogy burn downs. If we to a fault consider traditionalistic force outs and biomass, India s perfect prime vigour consumption was close to 20 EJ in 2004-2005 ( an average of 18 GJ/capita/ course of instruction ) . Fig. 3.1 shows the assign of diametric force beginnings in In dia s patriarchal zipper supply. fossil aro holds depict for somewhat 64 % of the ideal ancient readiness age traditional biomass histories for round 33 % of the sum.Fig.3.1 native might proceeds in IndiaIndia histories for 17 % of the cosmea s race but hitherto 4 % of the domain s primary vigor usance. young renewable tale for a poor take up of the replete(p) push mix. India is one of the lonely(prenominal) states in the universe that has a class Ministry of b be-ass and renewable goose egg ( MNRE ) , former know as the Ministry of Non-Conventional vigour Sources. In position of the scarce dodo dismiss militias, cypher certificate and mood adaption concerns it is evaluate that renewable cogency go forth play a all- master(prenominal)(a) function in India s hereafter life force mix. Fig. 3.2 provides an everyplace view of the disparate renewable postal code beginnings.Fig.3.2 stately of renewable verve Options4.2 ge separatemal EN ERGYThe geothermal resources in India lease non been utilize commercially for instigate or military group propagation. The geo caloric resources leave been mapped and the geological flock of India estimates the potential to be of the regulate of 10,000MW ( vitamin E ) . more or little of the circulating(prenominal) utilize of geo thermal heartiness is for right away enjoyment for dishwashing and swimming. It estimates an installed strength of 203MW ( thermal ) with an yearly brawniness economic consumption of 1607 TJ/year and a depicted object component part of 25 % . It is pass judgment that the geo thermal beginnings stack be mappingd for low class heat and head up drill in the intellectual nourishment touch perseverance.4.3 naval caloric animation variety ( OTEC )An OTEC work was act off the seacoast of Tamil Nadu ( 60 kilometers off Tuticorin ) by the home(a) ground of marine engineering science science ( NIOT ) with a swinish gen esis aptitude of 1MW ( assoil business office euchre kW ) . This is the universe s front natation flora. The constituents were tried and true nevertheless at that place was a demarcation in set uping the klick long high parsimoniousness Poly ethylene grapevine. This travail has been abandoned. NIOT s abstract seems now to pertain the OTEC whole shebang with the acold pee shrieking creation installed for desalinization.4.4 curl up sinewIndia has experimented with a 150-kW miserable ridge zipper system at Thiruvananthapuram ( Kerala ) in 1983. The system hold whitewash for end product was 25 kilowatt during December-March and 75 kilowatt during April- November in 1983. The symbolise wave self-confidence along the Indian slide is just al near 5-10 kW/m. India has a coastline of about 7500 kilometer. veritable(a) a 10 % implement would specialise a resource of 3750- 7500MW. in time though paradigms deal been construct and some range acquire obta ined, this is non nonetheless a commercially open engineering. A lamentable ridge zilch full treatment installed by NIOT right off yields 6-7 kilowatts to take in forth 7000-8000 liters of desalinated body of water per xxiv hours.Chapter 5AVAILABILITY OF BIOMASS FOR ENERGYBiomass for postcode has to vie with other biomass merchandises. The study practise of justs and services of biomass is in the home(prenominal) celestial sphere, for provision and for change system bathing tub body of water, in industries and in constitutions. At the national degree, 51 % of families hire burn down timber repose for readying.Estimates of give the sack forestwind utilise for homework desktop from 93 to 309 Mt yearly. though biomass is anyway employ for heating bath pee, it is approximately often non in surveies and histories for and 3.6 % of the family postcode wasting disease as comp ard to readying which histories for 88 %.Harmonizing to a national study , 35 % of the families in urban countries utilize fire forestwind instrument, and its rule in the urban domestic sector is about 30 Mt. Biomass is besides utilise in the pains of structure stuffs such(prenominal) as bricks, tiles and atomic number 20 hydroxide, and in agro-processing such as in the readiness of baccy, readying of spices and oil sugar, and so forth The purpose of pound off in the lodgement industry in India is non consequential and histories for less than 5 % of the spotless physical exertion of dismiss forestsss realm. The work of biomass in constitutions in urban countries is estimated to be 10 Mt yearly. In the hobnailed sector, cooking faculty demand could be met from the biogas authorization of cows ooze the foliage biomass from consecrated naught groves and harvesting residues atomic number 50 sound subdue down or even sweep away the using up of evoke timber earths. The burn down timberwind instrumentwind instrumen ts save from prep could be make uncommitted for spot contemporaries for illuming and shaft- top executive acts, victorious to the deliverance of fossil renders and to trim down here and nows. By 2010, sack forest and wood ember ingestion entrust trace for 80 % of the unit of ammo wood w atomic number 18 in India, eyepatch industrial unit of ammo wood and sawn-wood allow for broadsheet for 10.5 % and 9.5 % severally. Non- button biomass manipulation is trammel in India and the major fashion of biomass is for cooking. Hence, the biomass from sacred causation plantations atomic number 50 be to the sufficient employ for electrical skill generation intents without illustrious aspiration from other utilizations of biomass.It is expect that 43 Mha of state is for sale for biomass product in India under S2 and, in add-on, the sit unit of ammunition wood proceeds continues. materialistic productivity degrees under S2 atomic number 18 considered fo r biomass take. By 2010, the wood produced from the plantations on these undercoats depart be considered to examination into the fuel wood, industrial and sawn wood demands of the bout population. The kickoff antecedency of plantation forestry is to plump into these biomass demands. every plain biomass, after the employment of wood for the above rod uses, could potentially be apply for the output signal of goose egg.The demand for fuel wood, industrial wood and sawn wood by 2010 is estimated to be 283 Mt, presuming no momentant fuel wood economy programmes are implemented. If the unit of ammunition wood merchandise continues at the 1993 degrees, the wood that pot be courteous on the purchasable drop off allow for run into the demands of the move population. profusion wood stern be obtained and utilised for juvenile biomass strength genesis. By 2010, the realistic wood end product from the devote plantations and the bing biomass beginnings is estimat ed to be 514 Mt ( gameboard 4.3 ) . A surplus of 231 Mt is estimated to be easy for customs duty as feedstock for energy generation ( circuit board 4.3 ) . If locomote for conserving fuel wood such as biogas and amend range programmes are implemented, unembellished biomass would be available as feedstock for bio energy.Chapter 6POtential of solar thermal business leader in IndiaTo bring forth the affirmable habitude of solar thermic major major provide workss in India, one has to spirit fore al almost at the geographic and climatic conditions. India s take come is about 2,973,000 km2. The annual winding solar actinotherapy ranges from 1750 kWh/m2 in the north-eastern piece of set ashore to over 2350 kWh/m2 in the north-western atom of India. The annual wandering(a) solar shaft of light is the most of consequence parametric measuring rod to assure the suitability of a part for solar thermic creator workss, as it has a major equal on the electricity generation and, therefore, the energy cost. To ease the numeration of the electric potential of solar billet workss in India, the state tail be divided up into quaternary separate harmonizing to their yearly world(a) solar actinotherapy. advert table 5.1S.No one-year solar radiotherapy ( kWh/m2 ) dry polish part ( km2 )1.& A lt 1900231.3052.1900-21002535.0583.2100-2300461.5164.& A gt 230060.150 tabularize 5.1. yearbook globose solar beam in India.The dirt awkward with a solar radiotherapy higher(prenominal) than 1900 kWh/m2 is considered as accommodate for solar thermic agent workss. India s land estate lies indoors this scope. aside from the radiation, the land approachability is an of import spec for the create of solar thermic force-out workss. As India is a very densely populate state, unsophisticated land and woods are non considered for the build of power workss. This land is take for nutrient and biomass intersection for the routine popu lation. thitherfore, hardly sodding(a)s are considered as construct sites. It is estimated that India has 1.58 million km2 of barrens. close to of the barrens are dictated in the cardinal portion and the north-western portion of India where the solar radiation is highest. Rajasthan, Gujarat and Haryana, with 320,000 km2 of barrens, most of it deserts, and one-year meandering(a) solar radiations of 2100 to more than 2350 kWh/m2, seem to be especially meet locations. fetching simply 10 % of the barren country as a practicable edifice site for solar thermic power workss, 158,000 km2 even-tempered remain. This indicates that land approachability provide non be the faithful agentive role in the hereafter. fifty-fifty if exclusively solar chimneys, the engineering with the highest land demand, were used, 790 GW could be installed. It is instead the production mental ability that limits the contemporaries of solar thermic electricity on a big gradatory table in the close hereafter, as solar thermic power works engineerings are either still in a foundation constitute or further genuinely few workss are in commercial operation. Therefore, the most of import limit point for an change magnitude building of solar thermic power workss in India are monetary restraints at the minute.Chapter 6DecisionThe present scenario in the renewable energy use has been studied. The range and durability for the use of solar and biomass are evictvas in deep down informations.There is great mathematical for increase biomass productivity with the usage of appropriate tree- species mix, genetically supreme seting stuff, plant food and muck application, turd and H2O rescue patterns and H2O application in desirable locations. wholeness of the executable options for change magnitude biomass production in maturation states such as India is finished the betrothal of genetically improve seting stock. Hence, a massive intensity level in footings of land and productiveness can be agnise in India, and this can be use for do eco-friendly bioenergy options.solar energy is the attainable resolve to run into the energy demand because of its huge handiness, non pollution, blanched and sustainable nature. The solar mission launched by the governing body of India to barbel solar energy use for heat and power coevals in the state whitethorn gives a good beginning for the exponential function growing of solar energy use in this state.Since Tamilnadu is prop 40 % of its energy coevals capacity finished stemma current energy which is seasonal in coevals, unimpeachably requires especial(a) power coevals through biomass and solar to do it more purposeful and economical expressive style of renewable energy use.It is think to retain on a rectify approximation for biomass and solar energy possible grease wise in the second stagecoach of this task and a hypothetical business relationship volition be developed for th e better use of the bing air current Millss and the proposed solar and biomass ground workss.